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No. 32 



The Foun<jfe t)f America 




'Steadfast for God and Country" 



AN ADDRESS BY 

WINCHESTER FITCH, B. L. 

Member of New York Society of Founders and Patriots: Member of New 

York Historical Society, Registrar of the New York 

Genealogical and Biographical Society, Etc. 

DELIVERED BEFORE 

The New York Society 

OF THE 

Order of the Founders and Patriots of America 

AT THE 

Hotel Manhattan, New York 
January 10, 1912 



E 



«8 



a/ 

Pi 

. Officers of the New York Society Order of the 
^ Founders and Patriots of America, 



1911-1912. 



Governor 

THEODORE OILMAN, 

55 William Street, New York. 

Deputy Governor 
EDGAR ABEL TURRELL, 
76 William Street, New York. 

Chaplain 

REV. LYMAN M. GREEMAN, 

68 Clinton Ave., New Brighton, S. L, N. Y. 

iPCYPiiQiY'^ 

WILLIAM EDWARD FITCH, M. D. 
355 W. 145th Street, New York. 

Treasurer 

MATTHEW HINMAN, 

416 Broadway, New York. 

Stale Attorney 

GOODWIN BROWN, 

135 Broadway, New York. 

Registrar 

JOHN C. COLEMAN, 

100 Broadway, New York. 

Genealogist 

JOHN ELDERKIN, 

110 W. 57th Street, New York. 

Historian 

REAR ADMIRAL EBENEZER S. PRIME, U. S. N. 

Huntington, Long Island. 

Councillors 

1909-12 

MAJ. GEN. FREDERICK D. GRANT, U. S. A. 

HOWARD KING COOLIDGE, 

THOMAS REDFIELD PROCTOR. 

1910-13 

REV. EDWARD PAYSON JOHNSON, D. D. 

THEODORE FITCH, 

COL. GEORGE E. DEWEY. 

1911-14 

COL. RALPH EARL PRIME, 

GEORGE CLINTON BATCHELLOR, L. L. D. 

LOUIS ANNIN AMES. 



"^teabfagt for (gob anb Countrp" 



The Founders of America 



WINCHESTER FITCH, B. L. 

Member of New York Society of Founders and Patriots; Member of 

New York Historical Society; Registrar of the New York 

Genealogical and Biographical Society, Etc. 



PART I. 

Although a new country, ours is an old civilization. As the 
inspiration of American music is not to be found in the savage 
chants of Aborigines, but in the development of the musical 
ideas of our ancestors ; so in one sense our history does not begin 
with Columbus, but at the first chapter of the Bible, which was 
the Puritan Code, or at the latest, with Archbishop Langton and 
the barons of Runnymede, who wrested Magna Charta from 
King John, A. D. 1215. 

In reviewing the history of modern Europe there are certain 
years marked by such events that they have become landmarks 
of progress. The fall of Constantinople, the invention of the 
mariner's compass which facilitated voyages of discovery, the 
use of printing which revived learning and distributed the Bible, 
the Renaissance, the work of Savonarola and the Humanists of 
Florence where Pulci (1431-1487), like Seneca and Strabo, fore- 
told the discovery of the New World ; the end of the Wars of the 
Roses, the Reformation from 1517 to 1689, the growth of indus- 
tries, the rise of the middle class, the defeat of the Spanish 
Armada in 1588, the heroic struggle of Holland, aided by Eng- 
land, against the obsolete and horrible tyranny of Spain and the 
Inquisition, ending by Spain's recognition of Dutch indepen- 
dence in 1609; the rise of the Scotch covenanters in 1639, the 
English contest against the Stuarts ending like the Reformation 
in 1689; the noble struggle of Zwingli, Calvin, Coligny and 
Conde in Switzerland and France, Coligny's unsuccessful pro- 
ject of 1562 when he sent Ribault to settle Carolina, the heroism 
of the Huguenots on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572, encouraged 
only to be abandoned by Henry of Navarre, whose edict of 
Nantes in 1598 was revoked in 1685 when hideous atrocities and 
outrageous persecutions sent forty thousand fugitives to England 
and many to America, depriving France in 25 years of a million 
people; the splendid story of the Bohemian, German and Scan- 
dinavian princes, peasants and protestants; the end of the 



British War with France in 1763; it is such events as these that 
keep certain years memorable for good or ill. 

These great landmarks in the history of the Europe of our 
ancestors, should be celebrated as American holidays, as well as 
the great anniversaries that are associated with our own soil. 

Some of the actors in these events seem akin to us, as if they 
had been Americans before the discovery of the New World; 
and the study of their family history rewards us by proving that 
their blood flowed in the veins of some of those who become 
Founders of America. Their great ideas flashing through the 
brains of their friends and followers, resulted in the realization in 
the New World of what they had merely dreamed in the Old. 

Roger Bacon, the Father of Modern Science; Simon de Mont- 
fort, the Patriot; Chaucer, the brother-in-law of John of Gaunt, 
the protector of Wycliffe; Caxton and Tyndale; Ruechlin, 
Grocyn, Linacre, Fisher, Colet, Sir Thomas More and Erasmus, 
Roman Catholics, but not bigots; the thirteenth and fifteenth 
Earls of Oxford; Sir William Locke, Sir Thomas Gresham, Sir 
Edward Osborne, the "clothier" or manufacturer of woolen 
cloth, whose descendants were Dukes of Leeds, some of the 
Cloptons, Waldegraves and Joslyns; Willoughbys, Wingfields 
and Wentworths; Sir Charles Brandon, Sir Thomas Wroth, 
Lady Jane Grey, Sir John Gates, Sir Thomas Wyatt, the Marian 
exiles and martyrs. Sir Philip Sidney, the perfect knight, an 
aristocrat with a democratic heart, who secured a map of Amer- 
ica in 1582 from Michael Locke; the heroic Coligny; the Earl 
of Lincoln, Lord Say and Sele, Lord Brooke, Lord Rich, the 
second Earl of Warwick; Sir Edwyn Sandys, Sir Walter Mild- 
may, the fighting Veres, Lord Bacon, Archbishop Grindall and 
his chaplain Alexander Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's, Shakespeare 
and his patron the Earl of Southampton who was also the patron 
of Gosnold and Weymouth; Desboro, Hampden, Vane, Honey- 
wood, Haslerig, Fleetwood, Eliot, Pym, Fairfax, Ludlow, 
Milton and Cromwell; all these had more or less of what is now 
known as the American spirit, and American pedigrees] name 
many of their kinsmen, friends and followers. The Wars of the 
Roses were the close of the feudal era and well authenticated 
American pedigrees prove that some of the soldiers of Richmond, 
the representative of progress, were descendants of crusaders 
and forbears of early settlers in America. The victory at Bos- 
worth Field in 1485 was an American victory. The accession 
of King Henry VH, the patron of the Cabots, was not only the 
introduction of new industries, the revival of learning, and the 
renaissance into the upper circles of the English people, but the 
triumph of principles that held the germs of democracy. Not- 
withstanding the conservatism of the English majority and the 
oppressive policies of the Tudors and Stuarts, the development of 
these principles could not be arrested, but led to the settlement 
of the new world and the accession of William and Mary. 

The character of the English monarchy from the time of 



Henry VI until the accession of Elizabeth was abnormal. His- 
tory was confused and contradictory, but as Green says: — 

"At the moment when the policy of (Thomas) Cromwell 
crushed the church as a political power and freed the growing 
monarchy from the constitutional check which its independence 
furnished, a new check offered itself in the very enthusiasm 
which sprang out of the wreck of the great religious body. Men 
stirred with a new sense of righteousness and of a divine govern- 
ment of the world. Men, too, whose natural boldness was quick- 
ened and fired by daily contact with the older seers, who re- 
buked David or Jezebel, could not hold their peace in the pres- 
ence of wrong. While nobles and statesmen were cowering in 
silence before the dreaded power of the Kingship, the preachers 
spoke bluntly out — not only Latimer but Knox, Grindall and 
Lever had uttered fiery remonstrances against the plunderers of 
Edward's reign. Bradford had threatened them with the divine 
judgment which at last overtook them. 'The judgment of the 
Lord! The judgment of the Lord,' cried he with a lamentable 
voice and weeping tears. Wise or unwise, the pamphlets of the 
(Marian) exiles only carried on this theory to its full develop- 
ment. The great conception of the mediaeval church, that of the 
responsibility of kings to a spiritual power was revived at an 
hour when kingship was trampling all responsibility to God or 
man beneath its feet. Such a revival was to have large and 
beneficial issues in our later history. Gathering strength under 
Elizabeth, it created at the close of her reign that moral force of 
public opinion which under the name of Puritanism brought the 
acts and policy of our kings to the tests of reason and the gospel. 
However ill directed that force might be, however erroneously 
such tests were often applied, it is to this new force that we owe 
the restoration of liberty and the establishment of religious 
freedom. As the voice of the first Christian preachers had broken 
the despotism of the Roman empire, so the voice of the preachers 
of Puritanism broke the despotism of the English monarchy." 

—Green U\, 120. 
Bayne in his essay on "Christian Civilization," says: 

"In the beginning of the sixteenth century, two spectacles were 
presented on the stage of Europe. The proud Church of St. 
Peter at Rome was slowly rising in pillared magnificence 
toward Heaven as if making its appeal for divine countenance; 
and an unknown monk in the convent of Erfurth, his face pallid 
through fasting and watching, was on his knees sending his 
earnest prayer to God for light. The fame of St. Peter's went 
over Christendom. Tetzel came selling indulgences to raise 
money for its completion. Yes; the somewhat puzzling progress 
of humanity had brought it to this: Christianity in the 
first century was preached by Paul; Christianity in the six- 
teenth was preached by Tetzel. The revival of letters had not 
got near the heart of nations; on the 31st of October, 1517, 
Luther posted his theses on the church door at Wittenberg; and 



in six weeks Europe was awake. The philosophy, the arts, the 
poetry of antiquity had once more risen before the eyes of 
Europe. That enhghtenment which had been mere dead fuel 
crushing the life out of Christendom now, kindled by faith, 
burst forth into a true and dazzling illumination: that Reforma- 
tion epoch commenced which dating from 1517 to 1688 is, I 
think, take it all in all, the greatest in the history of the human 
race; Christianity led freedom by the hand to bless the nations. 
Great Britain and North America, the centres of civil liberty for 
the world are also and have been the great centres of Protes- 
tantism." 

The Barons' War and the Parliaments of Edward I. had made 
England the freest country in the world; and the Continental 
protestants were protected in England under Henry the Eighth 
and Elizabeth; but during the Marian persecution and under 
the later years of Elizabeth, when Whitgift had succeeded Arch- 
bishop Grindall, and under the Stuarts, Frankfort, Geneva, 
Strasbourg and the Netherlands protected a noble host of Eng- 
lishmen who refused to change their religion with each new reign. 
We Americans laugh at the Vicar of Bray as at a vaudeville 
lightning-change artist; but it must be admitted, if we grant the 
right of the state to prescribe uniformity in religion and the right 
of the King to rule by personal government, that he was merely 
a law-abiding citizen ; and as the great Paulet said of himself he 
was "a willow, not an oak." What is known as the "New- 
England Conscience" guided the mind of Sir Thomas Moore, 
the Roman Catholic, and Archbishop Grindall, the Puritan, and 
is as old as heroism and martyrdom, but the apology of Green 
for the Vicar of Bray type is not convincing to Americans of the 
20th century: — 

"It is idle," Green says, "to charge Cecil or the mass of 
Englishmen who conformed with him in turn to the religion of 
Henry, of Edward, of Mary and of Elizabeth with baseness or 
hypocrisy. They followed the accepted doctrine of the time that 
every realm through its rulers, had the sole right of determining 
what should be the form of religion within its bounds. What the 
Marian persecution gradually pressed on such men was a con- 
viction, not of the falsehood of such a doctrine, but of the need of 
limiting it. Under Henry, under Edward, under Mary, no dis- 
tinction had been drawn between inner belief and outer conform- 
ity. Every English subject was called upon to adjust his con- 
science as well as his conduct to the varying policy of the state. 
But the fires of Smithfield had proved that obedience such as this 
could not be exacted save by a persecution which filled all Eng- 
land with horror. While refusing freedom of worship, Cecil, like 
Elizabeth, was ready to concede freedom of conscience and in 
this concession we can hardly doubt that the bulk of Englishmen 
went with him. Catholics shared with Protestants the horror of 
the persecution. To Protestantism, indeed, the horror of the 
persecution had done much to give a force, as it had never had 



before. The number of Protestants grew with every murder 
done in the name of Catholicism, but they still remained a small 
part of the realm." 

Queen Elizabeth showed the "same intellectual contempt fo*^ 
the superstition of the Romanist as for the bigotry of the Protes- 
tant." She wore mourning for the victims of the St. Barthol- 
omew massacre, but agreed with King Henry of France that "a 
kingdom was well worth a mass." She retained eleven of Queen 
Mary's council, but added Protestants who had conformed in 
that reign, including Lord Parr, Lord Bedford, Sir Thomas 
Parry, Edward Rogers, Sir Ambrose Cave, Francis Knollys, 
and Sir Nicholas Bacon. 

Another striking defence of these Vicars of Bray is the follow- 
ing from the Leviathan of Thomas Hobbes, who lived from 1588 
to 1679:— 

"Another doctrine repugnant to Civil Society is that whatso- 
ever a man doeth against his conscience is sinne and it dependeth 
of the presumption of making himself judge of good and evill. 
For a man's conscience and his judgment is the same thing; and 
as the judgment so also the conscience may be erroneous. 
Therefore though he that is subject to no civill law, sinneth in all 
he does against his conscience, because he has no other rule to 
follow but his own reason, yet it is not so with him that lives in a 
Commonwealth ; because the Law is the publique conscience by 
which he hath already undertaken to be guided. Otherwise in 
such diversity as there is of private consciences, which are but 
private opinions, the Commonwealth must needs be distracted 
and no more dare to obey the Sovereign Power further than it 
shall seem good in his own eyes." 

It was in other words an effort to fit every subject to the bed of 
Procrustes, and Queen Elizabeth who vowed to "root out" the 
Puritans, prosecuted her own subjects for professing the dogmas 
of the Protestants she aided in France and Holland. Protes- 
tantism was her policy, but her faith was not that of even her 
own appointee as Archbishop of Canterbury, Edmund Grindall, 
whom she drove into retirement, for what would now be known 
as missionary zeal. On the walls of the English college at Rome 
are depicted the sufferings of Papists under the rule of her whom 
they call "Bloody Elizabeth." The rule of Calvin was marred by 
the persecution of Servetus, who died a martyr in the Roman 
Catholic faith. 

Yet, because Rev. John Cotton, President Oakes of Harvard 
and Rev. Nathaniel Ward, author of the Massachusetts Body of 
Liberties, in his "Simple Cobbler of Agawam," opposed general 
toleration of those whose doctrines were deemed dangerous in 
the theocracy; and, although the Stuyvesant persecutions in 
New York were more vigorous, they and their disciples are 
singled out and pilloried in the public mind as narrow-minded, 
obstinate and ignorant bigots, unique in their generation. The 



fault lay in the spirit of the age; and the glory of the Pilgrims, 
Roger Williams, Hooker, the Calverts, and Penn, but particu- 
larly that of WiUiam the Silent and Archbishop Grindall, is the 
greater because they rose above their contemporaries and 
brought about the beginnings of Toleration. The men of Flush- 
ing, Long Island, and his sister, Mrs. Bayard, deserve honor for 
ending the persecutions of Governor Stuyvesant. 

Cecil's relative, Robert Browne, while the brilliant advocate 
of Toleration and Independency, found it impossible to live in 
England under Elizabeth, and adopted the view of Cecil and 
Paulet as expounded by Green to save his life. He merely be- 
came like the Vicar of Bray, a law abiding citizen; but John 
Fiske says: 

"The flimsiness of Browne's moral texture prevented him 
from becoming the leader in the exodus to New England. That 
honor was reserved for William Brewster, son of a country 
gentleman who had for many years been postmaster at Scrooby. 
The office was one of high responsibility and influence. After 
taking his degree at Cambridge, Brewster became private secre- 
tary to Sir William Davison (whose wife was akin to Lord 
Francis Bacon and the Lords Dudley and Cecil) and he accom- 
panied him on his mission to the Netherlands. The feelings with 
which the late Queen Elizabeth had regarded Puritanism were 
mild compared with the sentiments entertained by her successor. 
He could see that in fighting Spain and aiding Dutchmen and 
Huguenots she was strengthening the very spirit that sought to 
pull monarchy down. In spite of her faults which were neither 
few nor small, the patriotism of that fearless woman was superior 
to any personal ambition. It was quite otherwise with James. 
He was by no means fearless, and he cared more for James Stuart 
than for England or Scotland. He succeeded in arraying against 
the monarchical principle the strongest forces of English life, 
the spirit of nationality, the sentiment of personal freedom, of 
Calvinism and out of this invincible combination of forces has 
been wrought the nobler and happier state of society in which we 
live today. 

"The Puritans saw that their only hope lay in resistance. If 
any doubt remained it was dispelled by the vicious threat with 
which the King broke up the Hampton Court Conference in 
1604: T will make them conform or I will harry them out of the 
land.' This prescribed hypocrisy or migration." 

The founders of New England chose migration. 

Herbert wrote : 

"Religion stands on tiptoe in our land 
Ready to pass to the American strand." 
Milton says that he perceived that "tyranny had invaded the 
church" and that he "who would take orders must subscribe 
slave and take an oath withal," and decided against this profes- 
sion. Elsewhere he laments that the "fury of the bishops" has 

8 



driven "faithful and free-born Englishmen to forsake their 
dearest home" for the "savage deserts of America." 

Carlyle says: "One wishes there were a history of Puritanism, 
the last of all our Heroisms, but sees small prospect of such a 
thing at present. Few nobler heroisms, at bottom, perhaps no 
nobler heroism, ever transacted itself on this earth." 

About twenty thousand Puritans came to New England ; but 
there are many Americans today who venerate King Charles as a 
martyr because they remember his personal virtues and charm 
and forget his treachery, his profanity, his utter failure and de- 
pravity as a King; just as they fail to differentiate in Arch- 
bishop Laud his great qualities as scholar and prelate from his 
fatal defects as a statesman, devoid of charity and mercy for 
those who disagreed with him in matters of religion, but having 
the unquestioned right to dictate the doctrines to be upheld in 
the pulpits of the State church. 

Although the United States of the 20th century have become 
cosmopolitan in race, culture and religion. New York having 
been so from the first, — even the Hudson River, although visited 
by Cabot in 1498, Verazzano in 1524 and Gomez in 1525, having 
been named for an Englishman employed by the Dutch, as 
Columbus was an Italian employed by Spain, — and although the 
Roman Church has grown so powerful that there are four 
American cardinals among the princes of the Church, it must be 
admitted that in the main the early founders of America in the 
broadest vsense were British Puritans and Quakers and French 
Huguenots who came here for freedom of conscience: and Dutch, 
Danish, Swedish and German Protestants and English Episco- 
palian Royalists who came here for secular purposes in the spirit 
of the California Argonauts of 1849: with a minority of others, 
including Jews in New York and Newport, and Roman Catho- 
lics in Maryland and New York, who sought liberty of citizenship 
and religion; and many indentured servants and adventurers 
who, when not in sympathy with the majority of the ruling 
elements of the population, were at times in certain places, nota- 
bly in Virginia, Maryland and New York, excluded from partic- 
ipation in political affairs, like those on the Mayfloiver who were 
not included in the distribution of the land, or accepted as 
citizens; and like those in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who 
were not members of the ruling church. But finally most of 
these who were crowded out of the Old World became useful and 
prosperous citizens of the New. Later on came soldiers of Mon- 
mouth and Scotch covenanters and even followers of the Stuart 
Pretenders. Still later Germans from the Palatinate and fugi- 
tives from Ireland. Some were forced to come through poverty, 
sometimes more honorable than wealth; others came through 
defeats in war, and through political earthquakes that made old 
homes unstable. 

Although the Dutch influence in the United States is still 
great, and some writers even of British descent, have sought 



to make it paramount, and have even tried to transmute the 
English blood of Hudson and Penn into Dutch, it must be 
admitted that American history is not the continuation of the 
History of Holland, which neglected and soon lost its American 
colony, but a continuation of the History of England, where the 
arrival of thousands of Dutch and Huguenot fugitives had how- 
ever helped to increase popular sympathy with the Reformation. 

As Professor Fisher has said: — 

"On the accession of James, there were fresh incentives to 
colonization. All through the sixteenth century there had been 
a complaint in England of a redundancy of population. Such 
were the relations of classes and the state of industry that the 
peasant class had to endure much poverty and distress, and the 
conviction spread that some relief must be found. Crimes 
multiplied to a fearful extent and were not checked by the cruel 
character of the penal laws. Under Elizabeth in the protracted 
conflict with Spain, and in the wars in the Netherlands, there 
had been an outlet for surplus energy, employment for the 
restless and adventurous. Now, with various other sorts of 
idlers, there were not a few disbanded soldiers from the Low 
Countries, for James in his first year suspended hostilities with 
Spain, and in the year following signed peace with that country. 
The day for the exploits of heroes like Drake and Raleigh was 
over. After the period of discovery, and of voyages prompted 
largely by dreams of sudden conquests and dazzling riches, the 
time had come for more sober and better contrived plans of 
emigration. Imagination was still alive, for the New World 
was yet to a great extent a mystery. But plentiful experience 
of disaster and failure had not been wholly in vain." 

The failures of Ribault and Frobisher, the experiences of Sir 
Walter Raleigh with Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1578, when Sir 
Philip Sidney aided by a subscription of money, with Sir Richard 
Grenville in 1584, and John White in 1587; the failures of Gos- 
nold under the patronage of the Earl of Southampton in 1602, 
of Gorges, George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert, in Maine in 
1607, demonstrated that colonization was too expensive for 
private individuals to undertake; and both Holland and England 
realized that corporations must be organized to make the coloni- 
zation of the New World successful. The Dutch East India 
Company was formed in 1599, the Dutch West India Company 
was conceived in 1600, but was not chartered until June 1621, 
King James chartered the Southern Virginia Company of the 
Londoners and the Northern Virginia Company of the West of 
England men in 1606. In 1609 the Dutch East India Company 
sent Henry Hudson to explore New Holland and New Nether- 
lands, and the new charter of the London Company limited its 
territory to a point 200 miles north of Old Point Comfort. The 
great men in these famous corporations, although few of them 
ever saw the New World, were in fact, founders of America, and 

10 



many of them helped to send settlers to these shores who were 
in many instances their own kinsmen. 

It is difficult to determine the precise dates that divide our 
annals. Even the date of the discovery of the New World is 
disputed by the Chinese, Irish, Icelanders, Norse and Welsh; 
but Columbus annexed America to Europe and the 12th day 
of October, 1492, known not as Discovery Day, but as Columbus 
Day, is the date celebrated. Even the date and the place of the 
first shot of the Revolution is uncertain as priority is claimed 
both by North Carolina and Massachusetts. 

Although previous but unsuccessful efforts to colonize the 
New World deserve remembrance, and although the Spanish 
founded St. Augustine on the 8th of September, 1565, the year 
1607 in which the Pilgrims fled to Holland, and Jamestown was 
settled and a colony in Maine failed, has become the date which 
marks the close of the Period of Exploration, and the beginning 
of the Period of Colonization. 

It was not until the landing of the Mayflower that new ideas 
were planted in America, for the founders of St. Augustine and 
Santa Fe were conservatives from Spain, and those at James- 
town were conservatives from England; and although the 
French built "LeFort d'Anormee Berge (Norumbega) on the 
Collect Pond on Manhattan Island about 1540 and the Dutch 
built four summer shelters for sailors there between 1610 and 
1613, New Amsterdam was until 1626 no more than a trading- 
post, but a prophecy of the magnificent commercial metropolis 
of the continent. Mr. George Rogers Howell in the first pub- 
lication of the New York Society of Founders and Patriots fixes 
these dates definitely and says: 

"The claims of England and France, if she had any, were in 
abeyance. It is a matter of record that the Dutch visited these 
shores from 1614 to 1624 for trading with the natives. But only 
for trade. The voyage of the ship, 'New Netherland' from 
March to May, 1624 was the first attempt to plant a colony 
within the bounds of New York State, and these colonists all 
went to Fort Orange (Albany) and Delaware, except those who 
may have gone to Connecticut. In 1625 the Hulst settlers all 
went to Albany. The settlement on Manhattan seems to have 
been in the spring of 1626." 

Thus, the first permanent settlements were in Virginia, 1607: 
Massachusetts, 1620; New Hampshire, 1623; New York, 1624; 
Maryland, 1634; Connecticut, 1635; Rhode Island, 1636; New 
Jersey, 1630-1660; Delaware, 1638; North Carolina, 1653-1660; 
South Carolina, 1670; Pennsylvania, 1681. 

The French founded Kaskaskia in 1685 and d'Iberville's 
patent to colonize Louisiana was granted in 1698. It was not 
until 1805 when Rogers and Clark had explored the Columbia 
River that much was known with exactness concerning the 
great West, which was claimed by conflicting patents. Peary 

11 



is a successor of Columbus, and the missionaries that civilized 
Hawaii are, in one sense, founders of an American colony. 

As Georgia was not settled until 1733, and the Louisiana Pur- 
chase was not made until 1803, and Texas and Alaska, Hawaii, 
Porto Rico and the Philippines were likewise not in our original 
domain, it is impossible to name one date that marks precisely 
the end of the Period of Colonization. It is sometimes given as 
1733. To determine this date, Dr. Charles Henry Smith says 
of "The Foundation Period of American History:" — 

"After a while food became abundant, homes were made 
secure, necessities were followed by comforts, luxuries began to 
appear and the various amenities and activities of prosperous 
civilized life were successfully established in the New World. 
The foundation of America had been laid." 

Beginning in Virginia and New England about 1648 this 
condition was by 1689 fulfilled in all the thirteen colonies, 
Georgia, of course, excepted. 

Among the foundation stones of Americanism of which Dr. 
Smith names the first six, we find : — 

1. Religious Liberty: Claimed by many great spirits of 
antiquity and by Anabaptists and Mennonites in Holland 
forty years before it guided the policy of William, the Silent, in 
1577, it was claimed for themselves by Sir Thomas More and 
the martyrs: it was the policy of Archbishop Grindall in 1575, 
who liberated many prisoners and sought to protect non- 
conformists but was overruled by Queen Elizabeth: it was 
preached by Robert Browne at Norwich in 1581, by the English 
baptists in Holland in 1611, and by Leonard Busher in 1614. 
In 1620 it was the spirit that ruled under Carver, Brewster and 
Bradford at Plymouth, where Capt. Miles Standish was not a 
church-member, but probably a Roman Catholic, and where 
an asylum was given to Roger Williams, who made it the corner- 
stone of Rhode Island in 1636. Notwithstanding the relatively 
liberal spirit of New Amsterdam before the religious persecutions 
of Stuyvesant, and of Connecticut in 1635, where citizenship 
did not depend on church membership, this principle was main- 
tained by the Calverts in their first charter of 1632 and by the 
founders of Maryland in 1634 and protected Romanists and 
Puritans alike. It took form in the Toleration Act of 1649 when 
less than one quarter of the population of Maryland was Roman 
Catholic, and this act has been called the formal "beginning of 
genuine religious liberty, the principle and practice of which is 
the greatest American contribution to the welfare of the human 
race." As in 1689 Maryland and Rhode Island disfranchised 
Roman Catholics, who from 1562 to 1829 were disfranchised 
in England, this condition in 1689 in America was found only in 
Pennsylvania and Delaware. The Pilgrim policy of separatism, 
and this policy of Religious Liberty were guaranteed to all by 
the Federal constitution, which without these principles could 

12 



never have been adopted; and were specifically included in the 
first amendment. 

II. State Support of Education: First found in Massachu- 
setts by the founding of Harvard in 1638 and the General 
Education Law of 1647. The remarkable assimilation of alien 
immigration in America would have been impossible without 
Public Education. 

III. Political Liberty and Equality guaranteed by Represen- 
tative Government; as found in Virginia in 1619, and more free 
from aristocratic restrictions in Maryland and New England, 
especially in Plymouth, Rhode Island and Connecticut which 
did not limit representation by church-membership as did 
Massachusetts, or to the gentry as did New York, Maryland 
and Virginia. 

IV. Written Constitutions: Though later than the brief but 
prophetic Mayflower Compact of 1620, which Bancroft called 
"the birth of Constitutional Liberty" and which was the first 
instance of the "social compact" postulated by philosophers as 
the basis of government, though it prudently acknowledged the 
sovereignty of King James; and though later, too, than the 
Virginia, Massachusetts and Maryland charters, it was the 
"Fundamental Orders of Connecticut" in 1639 which made the 
most vital and specific contribution to the Federal Constitution. 
This remarkable document of 1639 was inspired by Rev. Thomas 
Hooker's famous sermon on Deuteronomy 1:13-15: "Take you 
wise men * * and well known among your tribes and I will make 
them rulers over you." He based the foundation of authority 
on the consent of the governed which was the principle of the 
Mayflower Compact, which spoke of "combining ourselves into 
a body politic unto which we promise all due submission and 
obedience." Whereas the Compact of 1620 was a vague pre- 
limiinary platform which deferred the enacting of "just and 
equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitution and ofifices, for the 
general good of the colony," the Orders of 1639 comprised what 
the Compact of 1620 predicted, and contained the main prin- 
ciples of the United States Constitution. It is an indestructible 
monument to Hooker, Ludlow and Haynes. 

Bancroft says: — 

"More than two centuries have elapsed and the world has 
been made wiser by the most various experiences; political 
institutions have become the theme on which the most powerful 
and cultivated minds have been employed, and so many con- 
stitutions have been framed or reformed, stifled or subverted 
that memory may despair of a complete catalogue, but the 
people of Connecticut have found no reason to deviate essen- 
tially from the form of government established by their fathers. 
No jurisdiction of the English monarch was recognized; the 
laws of honest justice were the basis of the commonwealth; 
and therefore its foundations were lasting." 

13 



It was signed fifty years before the British Declaration of 
1689, which was the principal source of the first ten amendments 
of the American Constitution. 

V. "The institution of African slavery" introduced by Dutch 
traders into Virginia in 1G19 and although gradually abolished 
in the North became so strong in six of the original thirteen 
colonies and so entrenched by the constitution, that it led 
directly or indirectly to a disturbance of the balance of power 
between the states and thus to the Civil War in 1861, followed 
by the Emancipation Proclamation and amendments to the 
Constitution. In 1910 10.7% of the total population of the 
nation were of African descent. 

VI. We have already seen that institutions of religion, edu- 
cation and government had their foundation before the Penn- 
sylvania Quakers came on the scene. But it remained for them 
to make new and important contributions in the direction of 
mitigating human suffering. 

"They favored the settling of international disputes by 
arbitration, not war. Prisons were made reformatories. Cruel 
and indiscriminate punishments so common elsewhere were 
replaced by humane correction graded to the offense, and the 
death penalty was inflicted only for murder and treason, instead 
of for two hundred offenses in New York and more than twenty 
in Massachusetts and South Carolina. The estates of murderers 
and suicides were not taken from their families and appropriated 
by the State." It was through the influence of Penn that really 
representative government was at last granted to New York. 
Like the Pilgrims, Penn abolished primogeniture, but in wills 
throughout the colonies eldest sons were often given at least a 
double share. Penn in 1697 submitted his plan for the union of 
all the colonies, which especially deserves commemoration ; but 
the founders of Pennsylvania deserve honor for instituting the 
first dispensary, the first hospital north of the City of Mexico; 
the first attempt to control infection and contagion, the first 
lunatic asylum, for that enlightened spirit that spread over the 
whole country so that Mr. Bryce could say in his "American 
Commonwealth :" "The Americans are conspicuous for sympathy 
with suffering and humane treatment of animals and unfortunate 
human beings." Penn and his companions are thus to be counted 
with Founders of America, although they came after the fathers 
of the earlier colonies like Dr. Fuller of Plymouth who went to 
attend the sick in the Bay Colony, and was an angel of mercy 
in both. Many of the early ministers in New England were also 
the physicians of their people; and the mother of Anneke Jans, 
wife of Dominie Bogardus, was the "trained nurse" of early 
Manhattan. 

Although not mentioned by Dr. Smith there are other prin- 
ciples that should be considered : — 

VII. The Freedom of the Press, which did not exist in Great 
Britain until 1694. In 1670 Governor Berkley reported forty 

14 



thousand people in Virginia and added: "But I tliank God 
there are no free schools nor printing and I hope we shall not 
have these for one hundred years." In 1682 Buckner was 
arrested for printing the laws. In 1638 Glover's press and 
Stephen Daye arrived in Boston. In 1686 William Bradford 
was the first printer in Pennsylvania. For printing the laws he 
was arrested and put under bonds to await the King's decision. 
The first copy of the first newspaper in the colonies "The Boston 
News-Letter" appeared April 24, 1704. 

VIII. Regular Mails: As republics are formed and practi- 
cally controlled by public opinion, the dissemination of infor- 
mation is essential. The first regular stage-coach between New 
York and Boston was not started until 1673, and the first coach 
between New York and Philadelphia was started in 1732, the 
year of Washington's birth. 

IX. Respect for Labor: As exemplified by the Pilgrims and 
early clergy in the spirit of Tolstoi. 

X. No Taxation without Representation: This was claimed 
in England in 1265, when as a result of the Baron's War and the 
efforts of Simon de-Montfort the representation in Parliament 
was extended. It was a principle maintained in Holland in 
1477. When Massachusetts abandoned law-making to the 
Assistants who chose the Governor and Deputy Governor, the 
inhabitants of Watertown in 1631 refused to pay a tax levied 
by the Assistants. It was thus a source of contention through- 
out the Colonial era, and the chief cause of the Declaration of 
Independence, for this right of English freemen guaranteed in 
1689 had been withheld from the colonists who were not repre- 
sented in Parliament. 

XL Independence and Republicanism won by the Revo- 
lution : 

About fifty years from the founding of Jamestown, or just 
before the Restoration of 1660, the Period of Colonization was 
practically closed in all of the thirteen colonies, except in their 
remoter corners, and except in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the 
Carolinas and Georgia. However all of these foundation-stones 
had not been put in place as yet in any one of the colonies ; and 
primitive conditions and Indian Wars like those of 1676 still 
prevailed. But speaking of the whole territory, and remem- 
bering the high character of the Dutch, Scotch and English 
immigration after the Restoration and the Huguenot colonists 
who strengthened New England, New York and South Carolina 
after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, and the 
great influence of William Penn and the Quakers, who came 
after 1680, it is not erroneous to extend this period to the acces- 
sion of William and Mary in 1689. 

Up to 1640, New England had received about 21,200 immi- 
grants, over fifty villages had been founded and about forty 
churches built. In 1647 the population of New Amsterdam was 
about one thousand; and from 2,500, in 1623, the population of 



15 



Virginia in 1648 had grown to about 20,000, of whom about 400 
were negro slaves. 

The year 1651, when England and Holland were at war, was 
the date of the Navigation Act. The war of 1665-7 between 
England and Holland turned New Amsterdam into New York. 
War was repeated in 1673 when New York was taken back by the 
Dutch, but returned to England in 1674. 

Lord Baltimore of the Virginia Company, was in 1622 a mem- 
ber of the Council of New England. He planted a colony in New 
Foundland, which was not successful. It was not until 1625 that 
he was converted to Romanism, and he never became a propa- 
gandist. He announced that the privileges granted to Roman 
Catholic priests in their own countries could not be granted to 
them in Maryland "without grave offense to the King and 
State;" but he founded a colony where his fellow Romanists 
could find a safe asylum like other non-conformists, and deserves 
the glory he shares with Brewster, Bradford and Roger Williams 
of showing the way to toleration: but his hope of founding a 
successful and lucrative colony was blighted at first by the 
factional quarrels which broke out, as in Rhode Island, between 
the different sects. He died before the charter of 1632, but his 
son, Cecilius, continued this policy. He was named for the great 
Lord Burghley and descended from Sir Thomas Wroth, the 
friend of Edward VI., the fellow exile with Grindall in Frankfort, 
and the brother-in-law of Lord Rich. 

Most of the settlers of 1633 and 1644 were Protestants. After 
the Toleration Act of 1649, the protestants defeated the Calvert 
Party in 1655, and there was divided rule in 1657 compromised 
in 1658, and settled in 1660 when Maryland's population was 
from 8,000 to 12,000: but in 1689 the Romanists were disfran- 
chised. The New England Confederation of 1643 marked a step 
in advance, but it broke up in 1684 being designed more for 
military than political defense. Betw^een 1652 and 1658, Mas- 
sachusetts annexed the settlements in Maine and bought the 
Gorges title in 1676. 

In 1664, the Hartford and New Haven colonies were united 
and many from the latter settled in New Jersey. In 1665, Eliza- 
bethtown, then a hamlet with only four houses, was the capital 
of Goulding's Colony in New Jersey, and the Clarendon Colony 
in North Carolina failed. It was not until 1675 that the Fenwick 
or Byllynge Colony was established in New Jersey, and three 
years later many Quakers had arrived as settlers and the treaty 
of amity with the Indians was concluded there. In 1679 colonies 
of foreign Protestants were sent to South Carolina by Charles II : 
and Mason's colony of New Hampshire was separated from 
Massachusetts. In 1679, the population of New France was 
8,515. In 1670, Berkeley reported 40,000 people in Virginia, 
2,000 negro slaves, 6,000 white servants. 

New York was described in 1678 by Governor Andross as 
"containing twenty-four towns with two thousand men capable 

16 



of bearing arms, with religions of all sorts, one Church of Eng- 
land, several Presbyterians and Independents, Quakers and 
Anabaptists of several sorts, some Jews, but Presbyterians and 
Independents most numerous and substantial." He enforced 
the Navigation Act and promoted close relations with England 
so that New York became in spirit the most English of the 
colonies as was shown by the strength of the Loyalist cause in 
the American Revolution. The royal officials from England 
that came to Virginia, Maryland, New York and Boston intro- 
duced an aristocratic spirit that was at variance with the ideals 
of most of the colonists. It was not until 1683 that through the 
influence of Penn, a popular assembly was instituted for New 
York. 

Charlestown, S. C, was founded in 1680, the year that William 
Penn received his grant of Pennsylvania; but in 1683, at Phila- 
delphia, there where "only three or four little cottages," and it 
was not until that year that New York had the Dongan Charter 
of Liberties, which gave toleration to all Christians, Dongan 
himself being a Roman Catholic. 

In 1682, Sir George Carteret's rights in New Jersey were sold 
to William Penn and twenty-three other proprietors, some 
Royalists, some Dissenters, some Quakers; and in 1685, the 
"Henry and Frances" brought 200 pioneers, followed by many 
Scotch during the governorship of Lord Neill Campbell, a brother 
of the Earl of Argyle. 

In 1684 there were seven or eight thousand settlers in Pennsyl- 
vania and three hundred and fifty-seven houses and 2,500 people 
in Philadelphia, so that William Penn could boast "I have led 
the greatest colony into America that ever any man did upon a 
private credit: and the most prosperous beginnings that ever 
were in it are to be found among us." In three years the growth 
was equal to that of the first half century in New York or Ply- 
mouth Colony. 

Lord Cardross established his Scotch Presbyterian colony at 
Beaufort, S. C, in 1684. 

In 1685, one thousand of Monmouth's soldiers were sent from 
their prisons to Virginia and many Huguenots arrived within the 
next few years. 

Prof. Fisher of Yale, used 1688 as a division of his compact 
recapitulation of the history of "The Colonial Era." John 
Fiske ends "The Beginnings of New England" in 1689. Sav- 
age's "Genealogical Dictionary" traces the settlers of New 
England to 1692, the date of the Massachusetts charter. The 
accession of James II, which was merely the beginning of his 
downfall, is the starting point of Macauley ; and the same revolu- 
tion begins the third volume of Bancroft, who says of it: — 
"Although narrow in its principles, imperfect in its details, and 
frightfully intolerant toward Catholics, it forms an era in the 
history of the liberty of mankind." 



17 



PART II. 

In an age when less than half of our people are descended from 
the Founders of America, many false conceptions of them pre- 
vail, and there are many who still believe in the false "Blue Laws 
of Connecticut" fabricated by Peters. It has become fashion- 
able in certain circles in the United States to belittle the Pilgrims 
and Puritans, to forget the great roles they played in history and 
to interpret the enforced simplicity of their first homes in the 
American wilderness as a sign of inferior social rank and origin, 
not as the measure of the self-sacrifice they imposed upon them- 
selves and their families in their struggle for religious, political 
and economic liberty. The sterling qualities of the Dutch 
pioneers have been partially forgotten through the amusing 
caricatures of Irving. 

The Pilgrims are often described even in leading journals and 
in post-prandial oratory as ridiculous, ignorant, witch-killing 
fanatics, although no witch was ever executed in the Plymouth 
Colony. All Puritans are sometimes described as crude plebeians, 
although this is disproved by the Winthrop and Hutchinson 
Memoirs, Birch's Bacon Memoirs, the Autobiography of Sir 
John Bramston and Masson's "Milton." As to witchcraft it 
was not only in America that it aroused the superstitious. Sir 
Thomas Browne and Sir Matthew Hale were as uncompromising 
toward those charged with witchcraft as the Mathers and Haw- 
thornes. 

In the popular mind no distinction is made between the dif- 
ferent elements of the population in the first settlements. The 
more their records are studied, the more certain it is that, al- 
though many of the first settlers were humble folk, as were the 
contemporary ancestors of many British peers of today, that 
the leaders in all the colonies were not only great in themselves, 
but connected in many ways not only with the highest coteries 
of intellectual leaders of English life, but also with the most 
aristocratic circles, from the world's point of view, which they 
abandoned. 

Ecclesiastical art was so connected with the religion supported 
by those who persecuted their friends and themselves, that they 
became iconoclasts; and the hereditary principle had so often 
placed unworthy rulers and officials over them that they ignored 
the claims of descent, and in noble humility belittled their own 
claims to gentility, and gradually abandoned primogeniture, 
the essential means of keeping wealth centralized. 

The work of such genealogists as Waters, Chester, Somerby 
and J. Henry Lea and such authors as Alexander Brown and 
Morton Dexter have, however established the armorial rank of 
scores of American families; part of whom were still rich, but 
some of whom came across the sea in poverty, sometimes more 
honorable than wealth, and as oppressed and poor as those from 
the humbler grades of English life. These, even in America at 

18 



the first, were seated in church according to their "quality" 
but were put on an absolute parity before the law, — although 
the infliction of corporal punishment for infractions of certain 
laws was limited to those whom even Governor Winthrop called 
the "common people," the gentry in such cases being fined and 
admonished. 

Hon. Andrew Sloane Draper says of the Pilgrims: 

"How they had been winnowed by repeated separations from 
the common herd ! At old Scrooby they had separated from all 
the world around them; going from there, the less daring stayed 
behind; they had left fully half their number and surely not 
the most courageous half, at Leyden; those who started and 
became discouraged had returned at the last moment with the 
Captain of the Speedwell; the remaining ones were surely cast in 
an heroic mould, and the blood of a hundred kings was not more 
royal than was theirs." 

"Puritans made the fields of Naseby and Dunbar and Marston 
Moor grounds which inspire the progress of the human race, for 
upon them they taught the Stuart Kings and all the world to- 
gether the grim lesson that if there are divine rights among men 
they are inherent in the people and not in the kings." "It was 
to be a softened Puritan character, as exemplified in the Pilgrims 
at Plymouth, rather than the austere type, unchanged and 
unadapted, as seen in the Ironsides at the Bay, which was to 
breathe not only the spirit of Christianity as they interpreted it, 
but also of independence, of equality, of liberty, and of nation- 
ality into American life, and by these great marks to distinguish 
it to all the people of the world. The Pilgrim was a Puritan, but 
he had taken a post graduate degree." 

In 1670 there were fifty towns and about 8,000 people in 
Plymouth Colony. Their religious tolerance and broad political 
principles have been noted. They purchased lands on mutually 
satisfactory terms from the natives sixty years before the famous 
treaty of William Penn, and in general the Dutch and Puritans 
pursued the same policy. As they converted Indians before the 
arrival of Eliot from England, there were in 1675 about 600 
praying Indians in Plymouth Colony. Elder Brewster was a 
scholar with a valuable library. He had been at the Court of 
Elizabeth and travelled abroad in an Envoy's suite. Governor 
Bradford, was a linguist, a Hebrew and classical scholar. His 
history is marked by force and beauty of style. He was tolerant, 
and when Roman Catholics from Canada were his guests at 
dinner he served fish on Friday and spoke to them in French, as 
he spoke Dutch to occasional guests and envoys from New 
Amsterdam. His correspondence with Minuit was "courteous 
and kindly," and he entertained de Razier in 1627. It is known 
that Capt. Miles Standish was not a member of the church, and 
many believe that he was a Roman Catholic. He belonged to a 
famous armorial family, as did Governor Winslow, whose benevo- 
lent portrait with his coat of arms is a sufficient index to his 

19 



personality and proof of his philanthropy. The Pilgrims re- 
frained from religious persecution and never punished a single 
human being charged with witchcraft. Although they were thus 
more tolerant and liberal than the Bay Colony, still they did not 
see their way clear, under the Stuarts, to open their doors of 
citizenship, at that time, to those who disagreed with them, for 
the very conclusive reason that it might have ruined their hazard- 
ous experiment and driven them eventually from their own 
homes. Even Mr. Gardiner, the English historian, admits that 
they were wise in this, and that "their own religious liberty 
would have been in danger if a population had grown around 
them ready to lend a helping hand to any repressive measures 
of the home government." 

Professor Fisher adds: "For one party to give ecclesiastical 
freedom to its adversary at that time was to forge an instrument 
for its own destruction." 

Union of church and state and theocracy were both doomed, 
and the theory of the separatists prevailed. Romanism and 
Anglicanism have both enjoyed a wonderful development in 
America under the Separatist policy, which the Church of Eng- 
land Puritans in Massachusetts first opposed and finally adopted 
from Plymouth, and which was to become one of the most famous 
features of the Federal constitution, and specifically guaranteed 
by the first amendment. 

The History of Dunmow in Essex records that the body of 
Mrs. Lucy Sparhawk who died, not under Mary, but under 
Elizabeth, was refused Christian burial because she was a Puri- 
tan. After legal pressure, however, she was finally buried, but 
without signs of respect which were usually given and the ab- 
sence of which insulted her memory and her friends. It is not 
surprising that this surname is found among those of dissenters 
and New Englanders. It is not to be wondered at that those 
who thus saw the dead bodies of their friends outraged, and had 
other friends fined, imprisoned and martyred for their religion, 
should become embittered and hate even the sacred symbols of 
the State Church as signs of religious persecution. The Spanish 
Inquisititon made all Holland protestant, and the English 
persecutions turned some who might have been as well-poised as 
Milton into half-crazed iconoclasts, who helped to make Puritan- 
ism unpopular and the Restoration a fact. 

In Queen Mary's day a list of the martyrs and their friends 
and followers contains such names as AUerton, Brewster, Brad- 
ford, Carver, Coe, Rogers, Sandys, Wyatt, Pierrepont, Sampson, 
Bishop Ridley's "loving cousin Ralph Whitfield," and Arch- 
deacon Philpot's custodian of his documents, Adam Winthrop, a 
connection of the Mildmays; the Wilsons, including the first 
minister at Boston, descended from the Dean of Windsor, buried 
in St. George's Chapel, and like the Sheaf es, Tafts, Higginsons, 
Hookers, Kings and Rawsons also from Archbishop Grindall's 
sister; the Whitfields, descended from the Philpots, Shelleys, 

20 



Sheafes, Wilsons, Ardens, Chaucers, from Sir William Brampton, 
Lord Mayor of London and from the uncle of Sir Charles Bran- 
don, Duke of Suffolk, who married Mary Tudor, Queen Dowager 
of France, sister of Henry VIII, and grandmother of Lady Jane 
Grey. Margaret Manning, the aunt of Rev. Henry Whitfield 
of Connecticut married (1) Thomas Howard, Viscount Bindon, 
son of the Duke of Norfolk and a relative of Queen Elizabeth. 
As his widow she married (2) Sir Edmund Ludlow, a relative of 
the Ludlows of New England, Virginia and New York, akin to 
the Pophams, Wallers, Hampdens and Scropes, and among her 
descendants were Lt. Gen. Edmund Ludlow, the Parliamentarian 
and the Earls Ludlow. The stories of Sir Harry Vane, of Capt. 
Geo. Fenwick, of Rev. Hugh Peters and of the fugitive regicides 
Whalley, Goffe and Dixwell are too well known to be repeated. 
Noble says that Col. Fleetwood, the regicide, died in America, 
where many alleged relatives of others of the High Court of 
Justice were also settled, like William Throope, William Phelps, 
William Jones, Mrs. Knight and Theophilus Whale of Narra- 
gansett. 

Governor Thomas Dudley of Massachusetts was the son of 
Capt. Roger Dudley, who fell at Ivry in 1590, fighting for King 
Henry of Navarre, and was himself a captain at the Siege of 
Amiens. He sealed his will with the arms of the Suttons, Barons 
of Dudley. In his youth a page to the Earl of Northampton, he 
was afterwards steward of the Earl of Lincoln. His daughter 
Mercy, wife of Rev. Benj, Woodbridge, was daughter-in-law to 
Rev. John Woodbridge, chaplain of Parliamentary Commission 
sent to King Charles I, in 1646-7 at the Isle of Wight. His 
daughter Anne Dudley, wife of Governor Simon Bradstreet, 
formerly steward of the Countess of Warwick at Lees Priory near 
Felsted and Braintree in Essex, referred in one of her poems to 
her kinship to Sir Philip Sidney, nephew of Lord Leicester, but 
this reference was more modestly omitted in a subsequent edi- 
tion. Her brother, the Tory governor also claimed kinship with 
the Dudleys and Sidneys of the peerage and the claim is ad- 
mitted by John Fiske, the historian. Recent genealogical re- 
searches have shown that Governor Thomas Dudley was through 
the Purefoys and Dentons a cousin of Sir Fulke Greville, Lord 
Brooke, the friend of Sir Philip Sidney and the Greys. The 
sister of the second Lord Brooke, like Lady Frances Gorges, 
daughter of the Earl of Lincoln, married into the Hesselrigg, 
Gorges, Fenwick, Sheafe and Nicholls connection of Founders of 
America. 

As Lord Brooke who was born in 1554 was assassinated in 
1628 and had been one of Queen Elizabeth's courtiers so that 
he must have known Davison and Elder Brewster in London, 
it is interesting to read his lines on "The Puritans' Departure 
to New England" inspired by the sailing of the Mayflower and 
the preparations of Winthrop and Dudley: — 



21 



"As the wise physician 
When he discovered death in the disease 
Reveals his patient's dangerous condition 
And straight abandons what he cannot ease, 
With the ghostly physic of a Might 
Above all second causes infinite: 

So, many grave and great men of estate 
In such despaired times retire away 
And yield the stern of government to Fate 
Foreseeing her remedieless decay; 
Loath in confused torrents of oppression 
To perish as if guilty of transgression." 

Gov. Dudley's grandfather, Thomas Thorne,wasof Northamp- 
tonshire, and the Visitation of 1619, shows that Nicholas Thorne 
of Bristol was grandfather of John Wake, son-in-law of Sir Ed- 
ward Gorges, and allied with Catesbys, Philpots, Sir Thomas 
Pygott and the Marquis Dorset. Nicholas Thorne founded a 
grammar school in Bristol, and was the patron of the Cabots. 
His son and Michael Lock drew maps for Haklyt, used by 
Hudson. He was associated in London with Thomas Middle- 
ton, Thomas Parr and Sir Launcelot Thirlkeld, ancestor of 
the Dudleys of Yanwith, one of whom was so rigid a Puritan 
that he disinherited a son for being a Romanist, and was a friend 
of Archbishop Grindall and Bishop May, grandfather of Gov. 
Bradford's wife, Dorothy May, and a kin to the Scropes, Nor- 
tons, Middletons, Stapletons, Musgraves and Pecks. 

One Thomas Thorne married Alice, daughter of Robert Arden, 
and the will of John Arden in 1550 names "cousin Thomas 
Thorne." Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Wm. Davison, William Brew- 
ster and John Arden were in the suite of Lord Robert Dudley in 
Holland between 1585 and 1587. The Shelleys, from whom so 
many Americans are descended, were ancestors of Bramptons, 
Ardens, Whitfields, Sidneys, Chaunceys, Sandyses, Copleys, 
Boleyns and Queen Elizabeth herself. 

In Queen Elizabeth's reign, study the lists of soldiers in the 
Netherlands under "the fighting Veres" and Sir Thomas Fairfax 
and find Miles Standish, John Mason, John Underbill, Lyon 
Gardiner and Thomas Dudley: — read the lives of her great 
ministers of State and her courtiers and prelates, look over the 
lists of landed gentry, great merchants, lord-mayors and sheriffs 
of London, and find many connections with the names found 
in Alexander Brown's "Genesis of the United States," Savage's 
"Genealogical Dictionary" of the settlers of New England, 
Water's "Genealogical Gleanings in England," Stannard's 
"Some Emigrants to Virginia," Hayden's "Virginia Gene- 
alogies" and the records of Maryland. 

Prof. Fisher speaks of the settlers at Salem as never having 
called in question at that time the lawfulness of a national 

22 



church and describes Laud's policy as being as "petty as it was 
inquisitorial and arbitrary, put into action to extinguish Puritan 
opinions, and to punish with imprisonment and death all devi- 
ations from the established ceremonies." "A large number of 
men of birth and fortune, residing in different places, after 
consultation with one another decided that it was expedient 
to lay the foundations of a New England across the sea, where 
the principles which they cherished might take root and flourish, 
beyond the reach of royal and prelatical despotism." One of 
them was John Winthrop who "belonged to an ancient family 
and was possessed of a good estate." Like Washington he 
was marked by "a certain grave self-control and dignity of 
character." "Among his associates were others scarcely inferior 
in social standing. Such were the deputy-governor Humphreys 
and Isaac Johnson, sons-in-law of the Earl of Lincoln, and also 
the steward of his household, Thomas Dudley: the bulk of the 
emigrants being of the middle class uplifted by an earnest 
religious faith." 

Edward Johnson's "Wonder Working Providence" printed 
in London in 1658 says of Ipswich founded in 1634 by Rev. 
Nathaniel Ward, author of the "Body of Liberties," who was 
called cousin by Governor W^inthrop, and who was a friend of 
Sir Nathaniel Rich, "The peopling of this town is by men of 
good rank, and quality, many of them having the yearly revenue 
of large lands in England before they came to this wilderness." 
Such were a long list in all the colonies, for the tradition that all 
the "best blood" is to be found south of Mason and Dixon's 
Line is false, and many of the same families sent branches into 
different colonies, like the Allertons, Bacons, Bradfords, Brew- 
sters, Carys, Lees, Fenwicks, Gookins, Honeywoods, Spellmans, 
Stacys, Whitfields, Ludlows, Whartons, Fields, Hubbards, 
Reves and Masons. 

Richard Lyman of Connecticut, Pres."^ Chaunler of Harvard, 
Mrs. Whiting of Lynn, a sister of Chief Justice Oliver St. John; 
Mabel Harlackendon, wife of Governor Haynes of New England 
and Dorothy Harlackendon, wife of Deputy Governor Samuel 
Symonds, the two latter, both descendants from the steward 
of the de Veres and from the Hobarts, had many royal and 
noble ancestors, as had many others, whose records have not 
been so often printed. Many others, north and south, were 
allied or associated with the greatest English families and 
intellectual leaders. Macauley has shown that the English 
aristocracy was not a caste. 

Robert Coe of Stamford and Long Island was a descendant 
of the Goldings, and thus a cousin of Arthur Golding, secretary 
to Lord Rich and of Margaret Golding, wife of the Earl of 
Oxford. Her son, Edward de Vere, the seventeenth Earl, 
married a daughter of the Great Cecil, Lord Burghley, who 
was akin to Robert Browne the Separatist and Davison the 
patron of Elder Brewster. This, "the prodigal Earl of Oxford" 

23 



sold his estates to the Harlackendens, Holmsteads, Bigges and 
other families well known in New England, acting, it is said, 
out of pique and grief, because Cecil refused to save the life of 
Oxford's cousin, the Duke of Norfolk, who was executed for 
his sympathy with Mary Queen of Scots. 

If life was unbearable for this descendant of "a hundred 
earls" it is not remarkable that humbler folks began to think 
of emigration, and that some of his own kinsmen came to these 
shores, like the Bladens of Maryland. 

Sir Walter Raleigh stated that out of 2,000,000 English people 
in 1588 about 200,000 were Puritans, and 20,000 Separatists. 

But many more found it easier to conceal their inmost thoughts 
and outwardly conform like Robert Browne, the relative of Lord 
Burghley, so that under Cromwell there were more Puritans 
in England than had been generally known. In the Parlia- 
mentary struggles we not only find relatives of New Englanders 
on one side, and kinsmen of New Yorkers and Virginians on 
the other, but many who had friends and connections on both 
sides, a tragedy to be repeated two centuries later. 

Cromwell became Protector and the tide of migration toward 
New England subsided, but the Cavaliers found an asylum 
farther south, where famous royalist names are still found; 
yet many of the same families were represented in New England. 

"The Historical Relation of New England to the English 
Commonwealth" was ably treated by Mr. J. Wingate Thornton 
in the Congregational Quarterly, Vol. XVI, pages 14, 228, 382 
and refers particularly to Cotton, Peck, Hooker, Whitfield, 
Lothrop, Nathaniel Ward and others in New England whose 
influence was great on both sides of the ocean. 

The Ludlows, akin to the great Parliamentary General and 
the Earls Ludlow, were prominent in New England, Virginia 
and New York. The Mores of the Mayflower were of Norman 
descent and their father was a famous Parliamentarian. 

Major John Desboro, who married the sister of Oliver Crom- 
well the Protector, had a brother Samuel who married a daugh- 
ter of Rev. Henry Whitfield of Guilford, Conn, and returned 
to England to become Member of Parliament and Keeper of 
the Great Seal of Scotland. Another of the Desboros was early 
in Virginia. The Claypooles of Pennsylvania and the Crom- 
wells of New York claim kinship with the Protector. 

Rev. Robert Peck, Vicar at Hingham in Norfolk, and founder 
of Hingham in New England, was the pastor of the Lincolns, 
Gilmans and Hobarts in both places. He was through the 
Middletons, Musgraves, Nortons and Aunes connected with the 
Ridleys, Stapiltons, Dudleys, Ardens, Grevilles and Bradfords 
of the Heralds' Visitations, which give his pedigree for twenty 
generations. One of his kinswomen was the wife of Sir Thomas 
More, Lord Chancellor. Rev. Robert Peck married (2) Martha 
Honeywood who was not only connected with Sir Thomas 
Honeywood, Sir Harry Vane and the Elizabethan Master of 

24 



Posts, Sir Thomas Randolph, the patron of the Brewsters at 
Scrooby, but was a granddaughter of Mary Waters Honeywood 
who with her sister Joyce Hales (mother of Sir James Hales) 
and Mrs. Ann Warcop were devoted friends of the family of Sir 
William Lock and of Rev. John Bradford the Martyr. Mrs. 
Peck was the widow of Rev. James Bacon, a cousin of Lord 
Francis Bacon, and mother of Mr. Nathaniel Bacon of Virginia, 
whose kinsman was the popular leader of Bacon's Rebellion. Mr. 
Peck's nephew was William Peck of Cave in Suffolk who married 
Dorothy, daughter of Sir Butts Bacon, Baronet, of this same 
great family, as shown by the Visitation of Suffolk of 1664. Mr. 
Peck's daughter married Major John Mason, a lietuenant under 
Sir Horatio Vere and Sir Thomas Fairfax in the Netherlands, the 
Conqueror of the Pequots in 1637 and a kinsman of John Mason, 
the partner of Gorges and proprietor of New Hampshire, a con- 
nection of Edward Randolph, the unpopular royalist of Andross's 
day, and of the Masons of Virginia. He was Acting Governor of 
Connecticut when Winthrop was in England, and one of the 
Patentees to whom King Charles H granted the charter con- 
cealed in the oak. The Bladens of Maryland were descended 
from the Fairfaxes and the de Veres. Ann de Vere, Lady 
Sheffield, married John Brock, whose niece married John Reve 
of Bocking and whose nephew Bartholomew Brock married a 
daughter of Sir Ralph Wiseman of Rivenhall, and grand- 
daughter of Lord Rich. Sir Thomas Wroth, son-in-law of Lord 
Rich and ancestor of Cecilius Calvert was a Marian exile with 
Archbishop Grindall and Archbishop Sandys. Governor Brad- 
ford's wife, Dorothy May, was descended from Sir Martin Bowes, 
Lord Mayor of London, and Dr. May, Bishop of Carlisle and the 
Cloptons, connected with the Stacys, Hobarts and Sir Symonds 
Dewes. Harlackenden Bowes, who succeeded to the English 
estates of Governor Haynes of New England was a relative of 
Mrs. Bradford as was Thomasine Clopton, wife of Governor 
Winthrop. 

The tradition that Rev. John Bradford the martyr, was akin 
to Governor Bradford of Plymouth was referred to in an elegy 
written at the time of the latter's death : — 
"Now blessed holy Bradford, a successor 
Of blessed holy Bradford the confessor. 
Is gone to place of rest with many more 
Of precious ones whom I might name : great store 
And commendation of each one have been given 
But what needs that? Their names are writ in Heaven." 
"By one that was well acquainted with the worth of the said 
Mr. William Bradford" in Morton's "New England's Memorial" 
1669. John Bradford and one Cornwall were two of those exe- 
cuted by Queen Mary for participating in Dudley's Rebellion in 
1557. 

As Governor Bradford and William Bradford the friend of 
William Penn and pioneer printer, both used the arms of the 

25 



Bradfords of Yorkshire, an examination of Yorkshire Visitations 
shows affiHations with the Middletons, Pecks, Musgraves, Ogles, 
Hails, Walleses, Carrs, Chesters, Ridleys, Fenwicks and Sir 
Edward Gray in one pedigree; and in another with the Amyases 
of Wakefield Yorks (into which family John Field, the astron- 
omer married) the Middletons, Musgraves, Ridleys, Aunes, 
Pecks, Williamsons, Fenwicks, Cornwalls, Carrs, Sutton-Dud- 
leys, Copleys and Nowells, These Bradfords were related 
through the Middletons, Aunes and Pecks to the wife of Major 
John Mason. Zacheriah Field served under Major Mason in the 
Pequot War and John Field the astronomer was of a family con- 
nected with the Nowells, Kayes, Savilles and Saltonstalls and 
through the Merediths with the Hills, Cookes, Stacies, Munde- 
fords and Bramstons and with Sir William Locke, the friend of 
Henry VHI, and of Sir Thomas Gresham, the latter a friend of 
William, the Silent, and founder of the Royal Exchange. As one 
of these Greshams married a daughter of Sir Henry Thwaites 
of Lound on the Wolds in Yorkshire near Scrooby (whose wife 
was a Saville), while another was the wife of Sir Nathaniel Bacon, 
it may yet be proven that Margaret Gresham, grand-mother of 
Governor Bradford, was a relative of the great family of that 
name who were in such close touch with ancestors of New Eng- 
landers, Virginians and Marylanders, and did so much for the 
commerce and glory of England. 

William Gresham, brother of Sir Richard Gresham, Lord 
Mayor of London, had an apprentice Otwell Hill, son-in-law of 
Sir \Villiam Locke. The will of Mr. Hill in 1543 refers to Roch- 
dale in Lancaster near the reputed birthplace of Bradford the 
martyr. The will of Joane Wilkinson, wife of Martin Locke, the 
partner of Frobisher, and son of Sir William Locke, was proven 
in 1587. It names her cousin Joane Argall, Lady Henry Crom- 
well, Margaret Yale, my good friend Mrs. Anne Warcuppe, and 
my kinsman Ralph Warcuppe." 

Like Mary Waters Honeywood and her sister "my good Joyce 
Hales," Mrs. Anne Warcuppe, Lady Elizabeth Vane, Mrs. Pier- 
pont and Mrs. Wilkinson were devoted disciples of Bradford the 
martyr, who sent them messages of farewell just before his death. 
Mrs. Wilkinson became one of the Marian exiles on the continent 
where Sir William Lock and the Greshams had commercial head- 
quarters. Dorothy, wife of Gov. Bradford, was a great-grand- 
daughter of Sir William Wilkinson. 

In 1546 Mary Hill married Francis Spellman, one of whose 
family Dorothy, daughter of Sir Henry Spellman, the antiquary, 
became the wife of Sir Ralph Whitfield. Mary Hill's sister Mar- 
garet married Sir John Cheke, the tutor of Edward VI. They 
were related to the Cookes, Bacons, Cecils, Killigrews, Guil- 
fords and Dudleys, and the widow of Richard Hill married (2) 
Sir John Mason, the Tudor ambassador to Paris and Brussels. 
It was Katherine Spellman, grand-daughter of Richard Hill who 
became the wife of Elder Brewster's patron William Davison, 

26 



who owed much to her influence, until Queen Elizabeth dismissed 
him for obeying her command to deliver the order for the execu- 
tion of Mary Queen of Scots. Bradford and Brewster are thus 
the two ends of this chain. Another chain connects them with 
Robert Bradford who was in the employ of Edmund Grindall, 
Queen Elizabeth's Archbishop of York, and landlord of Scrooby, 
who on his elevation to the See of Canterbury in 1575 was suc- 
ceeded by his old schoolmate, Edwin Sandys, who was a prisoner 
in the same cell with Bradford the martyr, and whose family was 
so prominent in Virginia. Grindall and Bradford, the martyr, 
were chaplains of Bishop Ridley at the same time and friends of 
Sir Thomas Wroth, Sir John Cheke and Alexander Nowell. The 
latter became chaplain to Archbishop Grindall, and Dean of St. 
Paul's, and educated his nephew Sir John Deane, Grandfather 
of Margaret Tyndale, wife of Governor Winthrop. William 
Grindall and James Hill of Austerfield married relatives of Gov- 
ernor Bradford, and Otwell Grindall was baptized there May 
1670. 

Roger Williams was a protege of Sir Edward Coke and cor- 
responded with Sir William Martin and the Barringtons. He 
was born in London, not as usually stated in Wales. Rev. 
Ezekiel Rogers of New England was chaplain to Sir Francis Bar- 
rington. Such illustrations could be quoted indefinitely. 

Mr. Palfrey calls attention to the fact that between 1630 and 
1690 there were as many sons of Oxford and Cambridge in New 
England in proportion to the population as in the mother 
country; and Governor Winthrop states that in 1638 there were 
several Oxonians and forty or fifty Cambridge men in the villages 
of Massachusetts and Connecticut. 

Books in the colonial libraries, scholars like Bishop Berkeley, 
at Newport, courtiers like the governors sent from London and 
colonists returning from visits to the mother country kept the 
new settlements however rude, from losing touch entirely with 
the old civilization; but many of the second and third genera- 
tions in the colonies had less culture than the first. But the 
founders of America put conduct above erudition, ability before 
pedigree, and education and manhood above rank and the 
"guineas's stamp" before Burns was born. They combined 
brave doing and high thinking with plain living before Franklin 
and Emerson, before Whittier wrote "Snow Bound" or Wagner 
preached "The Simple Life." They lived "the strenuous Hfe" 
before Roosevelt. They were the ancestors of nineteen-twen- 
tieths of the 2,500,000 people of the thirteen colonies who won 
their freedom by the Revolution. 

In 1674 Governor Andross arrived in New York and in 1686 
became Governor of New England. In 1688 New York was 
humiliated and inconvenienced by annexation to New England 
with the capital at Boston. The demand for the surrender of 
the charter in Connecticut and its concealment in the Charter 
Oak takes one back to the days of Robin Hood. For the first 

27 



time the people of New England were ruled by principles and 
methods that had driven them from the old. Fiske says: "The 
four years from 1684 to 1688 were the darkest years in the history 
of New England." This was true of all the colonies. It must be 
admitted that Andross and Randolph were able and sincere and 
honest, but they were the representatives of obsolete policies 
and enforced them with brusque rigor and unnecessary cruelty. 

Evelyn's Diary gives an illuminating picture under date of 
May 18, 1688 when six bishops protested against the King's 
orders to read in churches the royal declaration of liberty of 
conscience "not that they were averse to the publishing it for 
want of due tenderness towards Dissenters" (including Roman- 
ists) in relation to whom they should be willing to come to such 
a temper as should be thought fit. * * * But that the 
declaration being founded on such a dispensing power as might 
at pleasure set aside all laws ecclesiastical and civil, it appeared 
to them illegal as it had done to the Parliament in 1661 and 1672. 
The King was so far incensed at this address that he with threat- 
ening expressions commanded them to obey him in reading it 
at their perils and so dismissed them." 

The news of the Revolution of 1688 was brought to Boston 
by John Winslow, who arrived there on the fourth of April 1689, 
and announced that William and Mary had been proclaimed 
King and Queen of England on the thirteenth day of February 
of that year. Fiske says: "There was such rejoicing as had 
never before been seen in that quiet town, it was believed that 
self government would now be guaranteed to New England." 

In all the colonies the old governments were resumed. In 
New York, Jacob Leisler, one of her popular heroes, was given 
command of the fort, and with patriotic motives assumed the 
governership. Nicholson and members of the Stuart govern- 
ment however disregarded Leisler's authority, and proclaimed 
allegiance to William and Mary, so that both factions claimed 
the royal letters which arrived in December to Nicholson "or in 
his absence to the Preservers of Peace and Order in New York." 
Nicholson being absent, Leisler interpreted and held this letter 
as a legal sanction of his authority. Although a German, Leisler 
had seen military service with the Dutch and was "religiously 
and politically in sympathy with William of Orange." He called 
together the first American Congress, and by uniting on a mili- 
tary plan of action in Canada, exercised national sovereignty 
independently of the British authorities. Ignored by the Crown, 
refusing to yield, through fear of the Papists, French and Indians 
and opposing the Androssites now in authority, he was finally 
displaced and with his son-in-law Milbourne was judicially 
murdered on the sixteenth of May, 1691 by Governor Sloughter 
and the New York Council and Assembly. King William sub- 
sequently removed their attainder and restored their forfeited 
estates to their heirs: but the aristocratic party was dominant. 
Penn issued his plan of Union in 1697 and Franklin his in 1754. 

28 



The efforts of King James II to unite the colonies were unpopular 
because self-government was not provided. Had an equitable 
plan been adopted instead of arbitrary orders of royal councils, 
colonial union would have been welcomed as a safeguard against 
the Indians and the French. 

In Maryland the deputies of Lord Baltimore hesitated to 
proclaim William and Mary, but John Coode formed an armed 
force of Protestants and took possession of the government. 
Although Lord Baltimore's property rights were respected his 
political power was annulled, and even his representatives were 
forced to consent to the exclusion of Roman Catholics from the 
ranks of otftce-holders as they were in England from 1562 to 1829. 

There was great alarm in England at the bold attitude of the 
colonists in 1G89, a prophecy of 1775. 

After years of bitter antagonisms and furious fratricidal battles 
in England, hostile factions were now reunited; and as the more 
radical elements of the British population had emigrated, Great 
Britain became more conservative and kept in via media. The 
peaceful accession of William and Mary was the consummation 
of the mighty movement that began with Huss and Wycliffe and 
Luther, and as Macauley says, the greatest of the European 
revolutions because final and followed by stable government. 
It practically united England and Holland. Their combined 
fleets controlled the high seas. It ended the vassalage of England 
to France, and avenged the Huguenots for the revocation of the 
edict of Nantes. England was restored to her old place among 
nations. The coronation of the great-grandson of William the 
Silent as King of Great Britain began a new and glorious epoch 
that was continued through the Augustan age of Queen Anne. 

As William, the Silent, derived his title from Orange in France 
and battled for religious and political freedom and just govern- 
ment in Holland, and as his successor ruled not only Holland but 
England as well, he is one of the heroic founders of American 
institutions on whose monument could wreaths be appropriately 
placed by descendants of Pilgrims, Puritans, Huguenots, Knick- 
erbockers, Quakers and Cavaliers. 

The fourth of April, 1689, the date on which John Winslow 
brought to Boston the news of the Proclamation of William and 
Mary which resulted in the imprisonment of Governor Andross 
as a representative of Stuart principles, hated, feared but now 
utterly destroyed forever, marks another epoch which can be 
celebrated by the sons of all classes of Founders of America, for 
although still discriminated against, even the Roman Catholics 
ceased to be persecuted. 

At the accession of William and Mary the old leaders had 
nearly all passed away, and the responsibilities of colonial life 
were borne by their successors who were natives of the soil. 

The population of Massachusetts with Maine and Plymouth 
was 44,000, of New Hampshire 6,000; Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence 6,000; Connecticut 19,000; New York 20,000. New 

29 



Jersey 10,000; Pennsylvania and Delaware 12,000; Maryland 
25,000; Virginia 50,000; Carolina as far south as Florida 8,000; 
a total Caucasian population of about 200,000. 

The Period of Colonization had practically closed. 

To England and her colonies, succeeding years brought dis- 
appointments and discouragements, but the real power became 
vested in the House of Commons, the Declaration of Right 
guaranteed the dearly bought privileges of the people helping to 
inspire the American Constitution and its first ten amendments, 
and persecution for religious belief was a horror of the past, ex- 
cept as we see it today in Armenia and Russia. King William's 
insistence on war with France was a part of his European policy 
which was forced upon America and resulted in great suffering 
from Indian atrocities added to the usual and unavoidable 
rigors of war, but it resulted in bringing the colonists nearer 
together, and trained native soldiers for the work of the Revolu- 
tion. There were colonial congresses at Albany in 1694, 1711, 
1722, 1748, and 1751 and at New London in 1709 and 1711; though 
the most important of these was that at Albany in 1754 which 
was dominated by Franklin ; but in none of these was there any 
effort made toward independence. It was not until the Peace of 
Paris in 1763 that Vergennes prophesied that the colonies "will 
no longer need England's protection: but will call on them to 
contribute towards supporting the burdens they have helped to 
bring on her and they will answer by striking off all dependence." 



30 



PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK SOCIETY OF THE ORLER OF 
THE FOUNDERS AND PATRIOTS OF AMERICA. 

1. "The Settlement of New York," bv George Rogers Howell March 

18, 1S97. 

2. "The Battle of Lexington," by Hon. John Winslow, May 13, 1897. 

3. "George Clinton," by Col. R. E. Prime, December 15, 1902. 

4. "Washington, Lincoln and Grant," by Gen. James Grant Wilson 

April 6, 1903. 

5. "Early New York," by Hon. Robert B. Roosevelt, January 15, 1904. 

6. "Thomas Hooker, The First American Democrat," by Walter Seth 

Logan, February 19, 1904. 

7. "Early Long Island," by Hon. Wm. Winton (ioodrich, iMarch 16, 1904 

8. "Banquet Addresses," Ma\- 13, 1904. 

9. "The Philippines and The Filipinos," bv Maj. (;en. Frederick D 

Grant, December 10, 1904. 

10. "Some Social Theories of the Revolution," \)\ Theodore Gilman 

January 31, 190r>. 

11. "Banquet Addresses." May 13, 19t)5. 

12. "The Story of the Pequot War," h\ Thos. Egleston, LL. D., Ph D 

December 15, 1905. 

13. "Distinctive Traits of a Dutchman," b\ Col. [ohn W. Vrooman 

February 23, 1900. 

14. "An Incident of the Alabama Claims Arbitration," by Col. Ralph 

K. Prime, March 23, 1900. 

15. "Banquet Addresses and Memoir of Hon Robert B. Roosevelt," 

May 14, 1900. 

16. "Constitution, By-Laws and Regulations of the Order, and List 

of Members of the General Court, with By-Laws, and List 
of Members of the New York Society," November 1, 1906. 

17. "Some Municipal Problems that Vexed the Founders," by Rev. 

Wm. Reed Eastman, December 14, 1905. 

18. "A Vanished Race of Aboriginal Founders," On' Brig. Gen. Henry 

Stuart Tiirrill, U. S. A., February 14, 1907. 

19. "List of Officers and Members of the New York Society," Novem- 

ber 15, 1907. 

20. "The Hudson Valley in the Revolution," bv Francis Whiting Halsey, 

December 13, 1907. 

21. "American Territory in Turkey; or Admiral Farragut's Visit to 

Constantinople and the Extra-territoriality of Robert Col- 
lege," by Ralph E. Prime, LL.D., I). C. L., Feiiruary 14, 1908. 

22. "Banquet Addresses," May 13, 1908. 

23. "Some Things the Colony of North Carolina Did and Did First 

in the Founding of English-Speaking America," by Wil- 
liam Etiward Fitch, M. I)., Deceml)er 11, 1908. 

24. "Colonial Legends and Folk Lore," by Hon. John C. Coleman, 

January 20, 1910. 

25. "The Origin, Rise and Downfall of the State of Franklin, Under 

Her First and Onlv Governor — John Sevier," l)v \\ illiam Ed- 
ward Fitch, M. 1)., March 11, 1910. 

26. "Proceedings on the Dedication of the Tablet Erected to the New 

York Society of the Order of the Founders and Patriots 
of America, on the Site of Fort Amsterdam at the United 
States Custom House, New York City," September 29, 1909. 

27. "Banquet Addresses," Ma>- 13, 1910. 

28. "ComiTiodore Isaac Hull and the Frigate Constitution," bv Gen. 

James Grant Wilson, D. C. L., October 28, 1910. 

29. "Some Aspects of the Constitution," by Joseph Culbertson Clayton, 

December 14, 1910. 

30. "Early Colonial Efforts for the Improvement of the Indians," by 

Re\'. P2dwarfi Pa\ son Johnson, D. 1)., February' 14, 1911. 

31. "Rev. Jonas Clark, Pastor of the Church at Lexington during the 

Revolution, Leader of Revolutionary Thought," b\ Theo- 
dore Gilman, October 19. 1911. 

32. "The Founders of America," bv Winchester Fitch, B. L., Januar\ 

10, 1912. 



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